Ranga Rao, A., Phang, S.M., Sarada, R., Ravishankar, G.A. Astaxanthin: Sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications – A review. Mar. Drugs. 2014, 12, 128–152. 2.
Pashkow, F.J., Watumull, D.G., Campbell, C.L. Astaxanthin: A novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008 May 22;101(10A):58D-68D.
Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010, 7:18.
Nishida, Y., Yamashita, E., Miki, W. Quenching activities of common hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants against singlet oxygen using chemiluminescence detection system. Carotenoid Science, 2007, 11, 16–20.
Miki, W. Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids. Pure Appl. Chem. 1(63), 1991, 141–146.
Naguib, Y.M.A. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 2000, 1150–1154.
Lee, S., et al. (2003). “Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing IkB Kinase-dependent NFR-kB activation.” Molecules and Cells. 16(1):97-105.
Choi, SK., et al. (2008). “Effects of astaxanthin on the production of NO and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells.” Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 18(12):1990-1996.
Sakai, S., et al. (2009). “Inhibitory effect of carotenoids on the degranulation of mast cells via suppression of antigen-induced aggregation of high affinity IgE receptors.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284(41):28172-28179.
Mason, P., et al. (2006). “Refecoxib increases susceptibility of human LDL and membrane lipids to oxidative damage: a mechanism of cardiotoxicity,” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 47(1): S7–S14.
Kidd, P. (2011). “Astaxanthin, cell membrane nutrient with diverse clinical benefits and anti-aging potential.” Alternative Medicine Review. 16(4):355-364.
Nagaki Y. et al., Effect of astaxanthin on accommodation and asthenopia. Folia Ophthalomogica Japonica. 2010;3(5):461-68. 6.
Ekpe, L., Inaku, K., Ekpe, V. Antioxidant effects of astaxanthin in various diseases – A review. J Mol Pathophysiol, 2018, 7(1): 1-6.
Shimidzu, N., Goto, M., Miki, W. (1996). “Carotenoids as singlet oxygen quenchers in marine organisms.” Fisheries Science. 62(1): 134-137.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Apr;49(4):1679-85.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;60(10):1365-74.
Ophthalmology 2008 Feb;115(2):324-333.e2.
Tso, M., Lam, T. (1996) “Method of Retarding and Ameliorating Central Nervous System and Eye Damage.”
